Replacing furniture and finishing elements – every 5-7 years<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\nTip:<\/strong> Add up the value of all the flat’s furnishings, divide it by the expected useful life in months, and you have a monthly depreciation rate. You enter it as a fixed cost. For example – furnishings worth 20,000 z\u0142, assuming a 6-year service life, comes to about 278 z\u0142 a month. That 278 z\u0142 should appear in the statement as a depreciation reserve. No discussion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Vacancy Periods and the Cost of Tenant Turnover<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe time between tenants costs money. And almost nobody factors it into the average monthly result. Every day without a tenant means not just lost income – you also have to cover administrative charges and utilities in standby mode. These amounts reduce the annual return in proportion to how long the unit stands empty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
On top of that comes the cost of acquiring a new tenant. Listings on property portals, a possible agent’s commission, the time spent vetting candidates – all of it has measurable value. Change tenants once a year? Then you incur these costs regularly. But in the report? Silence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Room-by-room rental as a strategy for minimising vacancy? I’ve tried it – it works. In this model it’s rare for all the rooms to stand empty at once. The flat generates income even with partial turnover. The yield can be higher, though it takes more administrative effort. We need to be honest about that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/span>Tax and Formal Obligations Omitted from the Accounts<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe flat-rate tax on rental income. You pay it as a matter of obligation, but do you enter it into your monthly report? Most owners treat it as “something separate” and only account for it in their tax return. Yet this amount directly reduces your net profit and should be visible every month. Otherwise you’re only deceiving yourself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Since 28 April 2023 you have to provide the tenant with an energy performance certificate (EPC) before signing the agreement. This also applies to renting out single rooms. No document? A fine of up to 5000 z\u0142. The cost of obtaining it – put it in the accounts and have peace of mind.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Formal items to include in the report:<\/p>\n\n\n\n